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- DCF saddle selection process— simple, comprehensive, visual results in 10 minutes or less showing exactly how a rider contacts the saddle and which shape is best - High performance material specification - Vacuum formed strong, durable high-quality microfiber cover - Lightweight foam fill - Strategically placed Particle Flow Technology - Carbon Composite base material - Carbon Fiber Rails

SOME ROADS ARE SMOOTH, OTHERS ARE ROUGH. THIS SMOOTH-RIDING ALL-ROUNDER HANDLES IT ALL, TAKING YOU FROM THE MAIN ROUTE TO MORE ADVENTUROUS OPTIONS WITH CONFIDENCE AND CONTROL. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Balanced road geometry Frame is specifically engineered to produce a balanced, all-rounder feel that blends confident rider positioning with agile cornering and acceleration. Smooth ride quality Innovative D-Fuse seatpost reduces road shocks and vibrations, and a Giant WheelSystem lets you run tubeless tires up to 38mm for a smoother ride quality and reduced risk of flats. Total control Seamless disc brake integration, including flat mounts and 12mm front and rear thru-axles, produces more consistent braking power for better control, even in wet weather and on rough roads.

Giant's Continuum 9W Wireless Computer is a simple way to track your numbers on the bike. The 9W shows nine essential functions, including distance and speed, on a large, easy-to-read display. Plus, it features a back light and low battery indicator.

On-road or off, Giant's Core Trail short-sleeved jersey is a winner. Made from lightweight TransTextura fabric with mesh side panels it breathes well and dries quickly. The relaxed cut makes this jersey versatile enough to wear on or off the bike. A hidden zippered pocket is perfect for your credit card and keys.

On-road or off, Giant's Core Trail Short Sleeve Jersey is a winner. Made from lightweight TransTextura fabric with mesh side panels, it breathes well and dries quickly. The relaxed cut makes this jersey versatile enough to wear on or off the bike. A hidden zippered pocket is perfect for your credit card and keys.

Comfort, control, a breeze to ride. With an adjustable stem, suspension seatpost and grippy tires, Cypress makes it easy to experience the simple joy of riding a bike. With its lightweight yet durable ALUXX aluminum frame, upright positioning, and smooth-rolling 700c wheels, Cypress is an easy rider on all types of roads and paths. The suspension seatpost and cushioned saddle add comfort and control, so you'll barely notice those bumps and cracks in the road.

CHOOSE THE LONGER ROUTE. CLIMB HIGHER MOUNTAINS. THIS SMOOTH-RIDING ENDURANCE ROAD BIKE IS MADE FOR LONG-DISTANCE RIDES ON ALL TYPES OF ROADS. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Engineered compliance Advanced Composite frame is engineered for endurance road riding. The D-Fuse seatpost and handlebar absorb road shocks and vibrations, and its smooth ride quality means you’ll feel less fatigue on long rides. Total control Seamless disc-brake integration including flat mounts and 12mm front and rear thru-axles produces more consistent braking power for better control, even in wet weather and on rough roads. Versatility Endurance road geometry, plenty of tire clearance (up to 35mm), and disc-brake integration allow you to tackle a variety of roads and conditions, from smooth pavement to rugged mountain passes. TECHS & FEATURES ADVANCED COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY Giant’s High-Performance Grade raw carbon material is used to produce this custom frame material in our own composite factory with a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. The front triangle of these framesets is assembled and molded as one continuous piece in a proprietary manufacturing process called Modified Monocoque Construction. D-FUSE TECHNOLOGY The D-Fuse seatpost and handlebar were designed to function as a system, absorbing road shocks, and vibrations so you can ride farther, faster. OVERDRIVE Giant’s original oversized fork steerer tube technology. Designed to provide precise front-end steering performance, the system’s oversized headset bearings (1 1/4" lower and 1 1/8" upper for road, 1 1/2" lower and 1 1/8" upper for mountain) and tapered steerer tube work in conjunction to provide optimal steering stiffness. COMPACT ROAD DESIGN Introduced by Giant with the professional Team ONCE in the 1990s, Compact Road revolutionized the look and feel of high-performance road bikes forever. A downward-sloping toptube (from the headtube to the seattube) creates smaller front and rear triangles for a lighter, stiffer bike. It also makes it easier for riders of all sizes to have a perfect fit. TUBELESS SYSTEM Fewer flat tires. Greater traction. Less rolling resistance and a smoother, faster ride. Giant’s Tubeless System makes it easier than ever to experience all these benefits.

THIS LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITE ROAD BIKE SMOOTHS OUT ROUGH ROADS AND HELPS YOU GO THE DISTANCE. ENGINEERED WITH ENDURANCE GEOMETRY AND BUILT-IN COMPLIANCE, IT’S EVERYTHING YOU NEED FOR YOUR MOST CHALLENGING RIDES. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Engineered compliance Advanced Composite frame is engineered for endurance road riding. The D-Fuse seatpost and handlebar absorb road shocks and vibrations, and its smooth ride quality means you’ll feel less fatigue on long rides. Total control Disc brake integration, including flat mounts and 12mm front and rear thru-axles, produces more consistent braking power for better control, even on rough roads and in all kinds of weather conditions. Versatility Endurance road geometry, plenty of tire clearance (up to 35mm), and disc-brake integration allow you to tackle a variety of roads and conditions, from smooth pavement to rugged backroads and mountain passes. TECHS & FEATURES ADVANCED COMPOSITE TECHNOLOGY Giant’s High-Performance Grade raw carbon material is used to produce this custom frame material in our own composite factory with a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. The front triangle of these framesets is assembled and molded as one continuous piece in a proprietary manufacturing process called Modified Monocoque Construction. D-FUSE TECHNOLOGY The D-Fuse seatpost and handlebar were designed to function as a system, absorbing road shocks, and vibrations so you can ride farther, faster. OVERDRIVE 2 The most advanced steerer tube technology in today’s Giant bikes. Designed to offer unprecedented front-end steering performance, the system’s oversized headset bearings (1 1/2" lower, 1 1/4" upper) and tapered steerer tube work in harmony to provide supreme steering stiffness. COMPACT ROAD DESIGN Introduced by Giant with the professional Team ONCE in the 1990s, Compact Road revolutionized the look and feel of high-performance road bikes forever. A downward-sloping toptube (from the headtube to the seattube) creates smaller front and rear triangles for a lighter, stiffer bike. It also makes it easier for riders of all sizes to have a perfect fit. TUBELESS SYSTEM Fewer flat tires. Greater traction. Less rolling resistance and a smoother, faster ride. Giant’s Tubeless System makes it easier than ever to experience all these benefits.

This versatile flat-bar all-rounder can get your legs spinning and motivate you to be active every day. Commute to work, ride to class, find new adventures in your daily routine. With its lightweight ALUXX aluminum frame, upright positioning, and high-quality parts that give it a smooth, comfortable ride, the Escape Disc is totally versatile and totally fun to ride. It now features a high-quality alloy fork and innovative D-Fuse seatpost. Both are great for smoothing out rough roads, absorbing shocks and vibrations, and giving you a smoother, more comfortable ride. The disc brakes deliver powerful braking performance in dry or wet conditions, and the 700c wheels with Giant EasyRide Tubeless tires (on select models) keep you rolling with speed, efficiency, and a reduced risk of flats. As an added bonus, there's clearance for larger tires up to 45mm in width, which makes it easier to ride rougher roads. It comes with integrated mounts, so you can customize your ride with racks or fenders. Whatever road or path you choose, Escape Disc is ready to roll. Balanced and efficient Lightweight ALUXX frame, fast-rolling 700c wheels, and confident upright positioning offer a balanced, efficient ride quality. Versatile and capable Powerful disc brakes and a wide range of gears help you increase your speed and tackle hills with more control. Rugged reliability Puncture-resistant tires feature the Giant EasyRide Tubeless system (on select models). Integrated rack mounts make it easier to carry your daily essentials or load up for weekend adventures.

With its lightweight ALUXX aluminum frame, confident handling and fast-rolling 700c wheels, Escape lets you ride any road or path in comfort and style. This versatile all-rounder is designed with a flat handlebar and upright rider position, which gives it a confident, sporty feel that's suitable for city streets or country roads. It also comes with rack and fender mounts so you can add accessories to make it fit your needs. Balanced and efficient Lightweight ALUXX frame, smooth-rolling 700c wheels, and confident upright positioning offer a balanced, efficient ride quality. Versatile and capable A wide range of gears helps you increase your speed and tackle hills with more control. Rugged reliability Puncture-resistant tires and integrated rack mounts keep you rolling on tough city streets and more adventurous rides.

Ride to work, ride for your health, get away from it all with a weekend adventure. Here's a bike that does all of the above. With its comfortable positioning and smooth ride quality, Escape is the way to go. With its lightweight ALUXX aluminum frame, confident handling, and fast-rolling 700c wheels, Escape lets you ride any road or path in comfort and style. It's a great choice for commuting, fitness riding, or just for fun. This versatile all-rounder is designed with a flat handlebar and upright rider position, which gives it a confident, sporty feel that's suitable for city streets or country roads. It also comes with rack and fender mounts so you can add accessories to make it fit your needs. Balanced and efficient Lightweight ALUXX frame, smooth-rolling 700c wheels, and confident upright positioning offer a balanced, efficient ride quality. Versatile and capable A wide range of gears helps you increase your speed and tackle hills with more control. Rugged reliability Puncture-resistant tires and integrated rack mounts keep you rolling on tough city streets and more adventurous rides.

Ride to work, ride for your health, get away from it all with a weekend adventure. Here's a bike that does all of the above. With its comfortable positioning and smooth ride quality, Escape is the way to go. With its lightweight ALUXX aluminum frame, confident handling, and fast-rolling 700c wheels, Escape lets you ride any road or path in comfort and style. It's a great choice for commuting, fitness riding, or just for fun. This versatile all-rounder is designed with a flat handlebar and upright rider position, which gives it a confident, sporty feel that's suitable for city streets or country roads. It also comes with rack and fender mounts so you can add accessories to make it fit your needs. Balanced and efficient Lightweight ALUXX frame, smooth-rolling 700c wheels, and confident upright positioning offer a balanced, efficient ride quality. Versatile and capable A wide range of gears helps you increase your speed and tackle hills with more control. Rugged reliability Puncture-resistant tires and integrated rack mounts keep you rolling on tough city streets and more adventurous rides.

TRANSPORTATION, FITNESS AND FUN. ESCAPE IS ALL THESE THINGS AND MORE. CHOOSE YOUR MISSION, HOP ON AND GO. With its lightweight ALUXX aluminum frame and smooth, stable 24" wheels, Escape is your ticket to on-road versatility. Ride city streets or country roads. For commuting, fitness, or just for the fun of it. Confident upright geometry and a wide range of gears give it a sporty ride quality. Whatever road or path you choose, Escape is always up for the adventure.

Pick your destination and find joy in the journey. This new E-bike is ideal for trekking, giving you the power to ride farther with a boost that's pure fun. The new Explore E+ is engineered to help you make the most of every journey. The ALUXX SL aluminum frame features a step-through design, making it easier to mount and dismount while carrying bags or panniers. Its powerful and tunable SyncDrive Life motor and integrated EnergyPak provide a smooth, seamless boost of power so you can cover greater distances and conquer steep climbs. Its integrated rack mounts allow you to customize your cargo capacity, making it easier to carry the essentials for journeys near and far. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Overall stability - The ALUXX aluminum frameset and SyncDrive motor combine for smooth handling and acceleration on all types of roads from hills to flats. Explore new routes - The RideControl EVO with on-board navigation helps riders find their way, and smartphone connectivity makes it easy to keep the battery charged. Longer range - Explore E+ gives riders the freedom to ride farther with its EnergyPak Smart Battery.

PICK YOUR DESTINATION AND FIND JOY IN THE JOURNEY. THIS VERSATILE ALL-ROUNDER E-BIKE IS IDEAL FOR TREKKING, COMMUTING OR RIDING OR SIMPLY BOOSTING THE FUN FACTOR ON ANY RIDE. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Overall stability The ALUXX aluminum frameset and SyncDrive Sport motor combine for smooth handling and acceleration on all types of roads from hills to flats. Explore new routes The RideControl EVO with on-board navigation helps riders find their way, and smartphone connectivity makes it easy to keep the battery charged. Longer range Explore E+ gives riders the freedom to ride farther with its EnergyPak Smart battery that delivers 500Wh of power.

PICK YOUR DESTINATION AND FIND JOY IN THE JOURNEY. THIS VERSATILE ALL-ROUNDER E-BIKE IS IDEAL FOR TREKKING, COMMUTING OR RIDING OR SIMPLY BOOSTING THE FUN FACTOR ON ANY RIDE. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Overall stability The ALUXX aluminum frameset and SyncDrive Sport motor combine for smooth handling and acceleration on all types of roads from hills to flats. Explore new routes The RideControl EVO with on-board navigation helps riders find their way, and smartphone connectivity makes it easy to keep the battery charged. Longer range Explore E+ gives riders the freedom to ride farther with its EnergyPak Smart battery that delivers 625Wh of power.

TRAVEL FAST IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS WITH THIS STATE-OF-THE-ART MOBILITY E-BIKE. IT FEATURES A COMPACT YET POWERFUL MOTOR THAT GIVES YOU SMOOTH PEDALING SUPPORT, SO YOU CAN CRUISE UP HILLS AND RIDE LONGER DISTANCES. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Urban mobility The SyncDrive Pro motor delivers smooth and powerful acceleration, and the durable aluminum frame is fully equipped with a rack, fenders and kickstand. Integrated battery The new EnergyPak Smart Compact 500 battery delivers long-range power and is smoothly integrated into the frame for sleek design. Extra range Option to carry an EnergyPak Plus range extender, which provides 250Wh of additional power.

GET YOUR DAILY DOSE OF SINGLETRACK. WITH A LIGHTWEIGHT FRAME, 130MM SUSPENSION FORK AND 27.5 WHEELS WITH HIGH-VOLUME TIRES, THIS HARDTAIL OFFERS LOADS OF TRACTION, SPEED AND FUN ON THE TRAIL. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Trail tuned design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seattube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

CRANK UP STEEP CLIMBS WITH SMOOTH EFFICIENCY. SWOOP DOWN SINGLETRACK DESCENTS WITH SPEED AND CONFIDENCE. THIS HARDTAIL 29ER DELIVERS A BALANCED RIDE ON XC TERRAIN. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Trail tuned design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seattube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

CRANK UP STEEP CLIMBS WITH SMOOTH-ROLLING EFFICIENCY. SWOOP DOWN SINGLETRACK DESCENTS WITH STABILITY AND SPEED. THIS ALUMINUM HARDTAIL 29ER FEATURES PROGRESSIVE TRAIL GEOMETRY, A PLUSH SUSPENSION FORK AND DROPPER SEATPOST FOR THE CONFIDENCE YOU NEED TO UP YOUR SINGLETRACK GAME. Built on an ALUXX SL aluminum frame, the Fathom 29 features updated geometry that produces a stable ride quality for challenging XC trails. The frame is optimized for a 130mm suspension fork for smooth control on the descents. An updated Giant WheelSystem comes with tubeless tires already set up, making it easy to experience added efficiency and control, plus a reduced risk of flats on technical terrain. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Trail Tuned Design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seattube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on the climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive Handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth Control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

CRANK UP STEEP CLIMBS WITH SMOOTH EFFICIENCY. SWOOP DOWN SINGLETRACK DESCENTS WITH SPEED AND CONFIDENCE. THIS HARDTAIL 29ER DELIVERS A BALANCED RIDE ON XC TERRAIN. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Trail tuned design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seattube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

Crank up steep climbs with smooth-rolling efficiency. Swoop down singletrack descents with stability and speed. This aluminum hardtail 29er features progressive trail geometry, a plush suspension fork, and dropper seatpost for the confidence you need to up your singletrack game. Built on an ALUXX SL aluminum frame, the Fathom 29 features updated geometry that produces a stable ride quality for challenging XC trails. The frame is optimized for a 130mm suspension fork for smooth control on the descents. An updated Giant WheelSystem comes with tubeless tires already set up, making it easy to experience added efficiency and control, plus a reduced risk of flats on technical terrain. Trail Tuned Design Balanced geometry with a 75-degree seat tube angle puts the rider in a powerful pedaling position on the climbs, while a slacker 66-degree head angle boosts confidence and control on technical descents. Responsive Handling Lightweight ALUXX SL aluminum hardtail frame offers agile acceleration and maneuverability to help riders climb, corner, and hammer the flats with efficiency and speed. Smooth Control Giant Crest 34 suspension fork with 130mm of travel absorbs roots, rocks, and ruts. Grippy, high-volume tires boost traction on rugged terrain. And a dropper seatpost with handlebar remote lets you adjust saddle height on the fly for confident positioning on changing terrain.

• Grooved heat-dissipating back plate design • Durable organic pad compound • Quiet and powerful braking performance for all weather conditions

BOLD NEW LINE. Developed with input from Giant Factory Off-Road Team enduro pros, the all-new Line trail shoe is designed for versatile performance on or off the bike. Line provides efficiency and grip while pedaling, plus the comfort, protection, and stability that’s essential for aggressive trail riding or enduro action. Features - Seamless hydrophobic material upper provides protection and ventilation - QuickFit upper with one buckle and two hook-and-loop straps for on-the-fly adjustments - ExoWrap design and construction for enhanced fit - MES ExoBeam molded nylon midsole plate provides pedaling stiffness with the flexibility you need for better stability and traction on rough terrain - Aggressive full-coverage rubber tread for stability and traction - Trail-specific outsole design improves traction and stability - Rubber toe box area protects from obstacles on the trail -ExoFlex zone optimizes the natural flex of the toes - Removable single-density ErgoComfort Insoles - Wider range fore and aft cleat position adjustment

- Cleans and polishes painted, anodized, and plastic surfaces - Loosens dirt and grime for easy cleaning - Sprays on and wipes away quickly and easily - Carnauba wax creates a long lasting protective shine

Turn your XC bike into an XC rocket with Giant's light, stiff P-XCR0 27.5-inch Composite wheels. The go-fast magic comes from the wheel's 25mm-wide carbon, tubeless-ready rim — it's more than ready to slay your favorite trails. Giant supplies the aluminum hub shells, and DT Swiss provides their renowned star rachet internals, as well as their Aerolite bladed stainless steel spokes, and aluminum nipples for unparalleled ride quality, strength, and speed.

Giant's Performance Short Sleeve Jersey is made from their CoolTech fabric to keep you comfortable and dry. It boasts flat-lock seams, SPF 30 sun protection, a full-length zipper and a rear zip pocket.

- Replacement pins for tool shed chain tool. - Bag of 10

- TransTextura fabric wicks moisture and dries quickly - Reinforced Amara palm with Plush Gel multi-thickness memory-foam padding - Bolton thumb construction for impeccable fit - Large, highly absorbent micro-fiber wipe area - Sublimated graphics - TransTextura fabric wicks moisture and dries quickly

NOW EVEN FASTER, THIS AERO ROCKETSHIP IS BUILT FOR SPEED WHEN IT MATTERS MOST. THE REENGINEERED FRAMESET IS EVEN MORE ADEPT AT SLICING THROUGH WIND, AND IT’S ALSO LIGHTER THAN THE PREVIOUS GENERATION. THE RESULT? RACE-WINNING EFFICIENCY THAT’S HARD TO BEAT. KEY PERFORMANCE FACTORS Integrated aerodynamics AeroSystem Shaping, a result of CFD analysis and dynamic wind-tunnel testing, optimizes aerodynamic performance at every yaw angle. The truncated ellipse airfoil tube shapes and Contact SLR/SL Aero cockpit produce the best overall aero performance. Easier adjustability All-new cable routing through the handlebar and frame makes it quicker and easier to adjust or change cockpit components and fine-tune performance and riding position. Race-winning efficiency Advanced-grade composite frameset features high-performance materials and proprietary manufacturing processes. As a result, it’s now lighter than the previous generation for an improved stiffness-to-weight ratio. HIGHLIGHTS OF THE PROPEL ADVANCED PRO AERO BIKE With a frame that’s handcrafted using Advanced-grade composite, and components that are integrated for overall aero performance, the all-new Propel Advanced Pro boasts smooth lines front to back. The handlebar and frame feature internal cable routing that now allows for easier adjustability. The WheelSystem uses 50mm deep rims for the perfect balance between maximum aero performance and added control. Even the disc brakes are integrated with the frame, featuring flat-mount calipers and thru-axles. AEROSYSTEM SHAPING Through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and wind-tunnel data, engineers optimize each tube shape to deliver superior aerodynamic performance. ADVANCED COMPOSITE High-performance grade raw carbon material is used to produce this custom material in our own composite factory with a high stiffness-to-weight ratio. AERO TUBELESS WHEELSYSTEM Engineered with proprietary Dynamic Balanced Lacing technology, this composite aero WheelSystem and tubeless tires deliver superior efficiency, pinpoint control, and superior aerodynamics. VECTOR SEATPOST This full-composite, lightweight and aerodynamic seatpost is engineered specifically for performance road riding. OVERDRIVE AERO Found inside the head tube of the all-new Propel range, the D-shaped fork steerer tube and corresponding spacers provide an extremely aerodynamic, easier to service system of internally routed brake and derailleur cables. FULL COMPOSITE FORK D-shaped steerer tube and legs are constructed entirely from Giant’s Advanced SL-grade composite for the lightest weight and superior handling. POWERCORE A massively oversized bottom bracket area features a fully integrated 86.5mm wide design. Asymmetric chainstays provide additional stiffness on the drive-side and stability on the non-drive-side. NEW CABLE ROUTING Frame and handlebar feature all-new cable porting for sleek, non-cluttered appearance and easier adjustability. DISC-BRAKE INTEGRATION The frame and fork are engineered specifically for flat-mount disc brakes, including front and rear 12mm thru-axles for reliable braking performance in all weather and road conditions. AERO HANDLEBAR/STEM Aero handlebar and stem are designed to reduce overall drag while minimizing weight. AERO BOTTLE CAGES Custom-engineered down tube and seat tube-specific water bottle cages help minimize overall aerodynamic drag.